diff --git a/src/elements/core.c b/src/elements/core.c
index eee02e60..90ff00f4 100644
--- a/src/elements/core.c
+++ b/src/elements/core.c
@@ -1685,6 +1685,8 @@ static int __must_check_result mdbx_page_search(MDBX_cursor *mc, MDBX_val *key,
                                                 int flags);
 static int __must_check_result mdbx_page_merge(MDBX_cursor *csrc,
                                                MDBX_cursor *cdst);
+static int __must_check_result mdbx_page_flush(MDBX_txn *txn,
+                                               const unsigned keep);
 
 #define MDBX_SPLIT_REPLACE MDBX_APPENDDUP /* newkey is not new */
 static int __must_check_result mdbx_page_split(MDBX_cursor *mc,
@@ -2488,8 +2490,6 @@ mark_done:
   return rc;
 }
 
-static int mdbx_page_flush(MDBX_txn *txn, pgno_t keep);
-
 /* Spill pages from the dirty list back to disk.
  * This is intended to prevent running into MDBX_TXN_FULL situations,
  * but note that they may still occur in a few cases:
@@ -2525,12 +2525,12 @@ static int mdbx_page_flush(MDBX_txn *txn, pgno_t keep);
  *
  * Returns 0 on success, non-zero on failure. */
 static int mdbx_page_spill(MDBX_cursor *mc, MDBX_val *key, MDBX_val *data) {
-  MDBX_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
-  MDBX_DPL dl = txn->tw.dirtylist;
-
   if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
     return MDBX_SUCCESS;
 
+  MDBX_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+  MDBX_DPL dl = txn->tw.dirtylist;
+
   /* Estimate how much space this op will take */
   pgno_t i = mc->mc_db->md_depth;
   /* Named DBs also dirty the main DB */
@@ -5559,123 +5559,114 @@ bailout_notracking:
   return rc;
 }
 
+static int mdbx_flush_iov(MDBX_txn *const txn, struct iovec *iov,
+                          unsigned iov_items, size_t iov_off,
+                          size_t iov_bytes) {
+  MDBX_env *const env = txn->mt_env;
+  int rc = mdbx_pwritev(env->me_fd, iov, iov_items, iov_off, iov_bytes);
+  if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS)) {
+    mdbx_error("Write error: %s", mdbx_strerror(rc));
+    txn->mt_flags |= MDBX_TXN_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < iov_items; i++)
+    mdbx_dpage_free(env, (MDBX_page *)iov[i].iov_base,
+                    bytes2pgno(env, iov[i].iov_len));
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /* Flush (some) dirty pages to the map, after clearing their dirty flag.
  * [in] txn   the transaction that's being committed
  * [in] keep  number of initial pages in dirtylist to keep dirty.
  * Returns 0 on success, non-zero on failure. */
-static int mdbx_page_flush(MDBX_txn *txn, pgno_t keep) {
-  MDBX_env *env = txn->mt_env;
-  const MDBX_DPL dl = txn->tw.dirtylist;
-  unsigned i, j, pagecount = dl->length;
-  int rc;
-  size_t size = 0, pos = 0;
-  pgno_t pgno = 0;
-  MDBX_page *dp = NULL;
+static int mdbx_page_flush(MDBX_txn *txn, const unsigned keep) {
   struct iovec iov[MDBX_COMMIT_PAGES];
-  intptr_t wpos = 0, wsize = 0;
-  size_t next_pos = 1; /* impossible pos, so pos != next_pos */
-  int n = 0;
+  const MDBX_DPL dl = (keep || txn->tw.loose_count > 1)
+                          ? mdbx_dpl_sort(txn->tw.dirtylist)
+                          : txn->tw.dirtylist;
+  MDBX_env *const env = txn->mt_env;
+  pgno_t flush_begin = MAX_PAGENO;
+  pgno_t flush_end = MIN_PAGENO;
+  unsigned iov_items = 0;
+  size_t iov_bytes = 0;
+  size_t iov_off = 0;
+  unsigned r, w;
+  for (r = w = keep; ++r <= dl->length;) {
+    MDBX_page *dp = dl[r].ptr;
+    mdbx_tassert(txn,
+                 dp->mp_pgno >= MIN_PAGENO && dp->mp_pgno < txn->mt_next_pgno);
+    mdbx_tassert(txn, dp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY);
 
-  j = i = keep;
-
-  if (env->me_flags & MDBX_WRITEMAP) {
-    /* Clear dirty flags */
-    while (++i <= pagecount) {
-      dp = dl[i].ptr;
-      /* Don't flush this page yet */
-      if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE | P_KEEP)) {
-        dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
-        dl[++j] = dl[i];
-        continue;
-      }
-      dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
-      dp->mp_validator = 0 /* TODO */;
-      *env->me_unsynced_pages += IS_OVERFLOW(dp) ? dp->mp_pages : 1;
+    /* Don't flush this page yet */
+    if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE | P_KEEP)) {
+      dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
+      dl[++w] = dl[r];
+      continue;
     }
-    goto done;
-  }
 
-  /* Write the pages */
-  for (;;) {
-    if (++i <= pagecount) {
-      dp = dl[i].ptr;
-      /* Don't flush this page yet */
-      if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE | P_KEEP)) {
-        dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
-        dl[i].pgno = 0;
-        continue;
-      }
-      pgno = dl[i].pgno;
-      mdbx_tassert(txn, pgno >= MIN_PAGENO);
-      /* clear dirty flag */
-      dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
-      dp->mp_validator = 0 /* TODO */;
-      pos = pgno2bytes(env, pgno);
-      const unsigned npages = IS_OVERFLOW(dp) ? dp->mp_pages : 1;
-      *env->me_unsynced_pages += npages;
-      size = pgno2bytes(env, npages);
-    }
-    /* Write up to MDBX_COMMIT_PAGES dirty pages at a time. */
-    if (pos != next_pos || n == MDBX_COMMIT_PAGES || wsize + size > MAX_WRITE) {
-      if (n) {
-        /* Write previous page(s) */
-        rc = mdbx_pwritev(env->me_fd, iov, n, wpos, wsize);
-        if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS)) {
-          mdbx_debug("Write error: %s", mdbx_strerror(rc));
-          return rc;
-        }
+    const unsigned npages = IS_OVERFLOW(dp) ? dp->mp_pages : 1;
+    flush_begin = (flush_begin < dp->mp_pgno) ? flush_begin : dp->mp_pgno;
+    flush_end =
+        (flush_end > dp->mp_pgno + npages) ? flush_end : dp->mp_pgno + npages;
+    *env->me_unsynced_pages += npages;
+    dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
+    dp->mp_validator = 0 /* TODO */;
 
+    if ((env->me_flags & MDBX_WRITEMAP) == 0) {
+      const size_t size = pgno2bytes(env, npages);
+      if (iov_off + iov_bytes != pgno2bytes(env, dp->mp_pgno) ||
+          iov_items == ARRAY_LENGTH(iov) || iov_bytes + size > MAX_WRITE) {
+        if (iov_items) {
+          int rc = mdbx_flush_iov(txn, iov, iov_items, iov_off, iov_bytes);
+          if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS))
+            return rc;
 #if MDBX_CPU_CACHE_MMAP_NONCOHERENT
 #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__gnu_linux__)
-        if (mdbx_linux_kernel_version >= 0x02060b00)
-        /* Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the addr and nbytes
-         * arguments, making this function fairly expensive. Therefore, the
-         * whole cache is always flushed. */
+          if (mdbx_linux_kernel_version >= 0x02060b00)
+          /* Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the addr and nbytes
+           * arguments, making this function fairly expensive. Therefore, the
+           * whole cache is always flushed. */
 #endif /* Linux */
-          mdbx_invalidate_mmap_noncoherent_cache(env->me_map + wpos, wsize);
+            mdbx_invalidate_mmap_noncoherent_cache(env->me_map + iov_off,
+                                                   iov_bytes);
 #endif /* MDBX_CPU_CACHE_MMAP_NONCOHERENT */
-
-        n = 0;
+          iov_items = 0;
+          iov_bytes = 0;
+        }
+        iov_off = pgno2bytes(env, dp->mp_pgno);
       }
-      if (i > pagecount)
-        break;
-      wpos = pos;
-      wsize = 0;
+      iov[iov_items].iov_base = dp;
+      iov[iov_items].iov_len = size;
+      iov_items += 1;
+      iov_bytes += size;
     }
-    mdbx_debug("committing page %" PRIaPGNO, pgno);
-    next_pos = pos + size;
-    iov[n].iov_len = size;
-    iov[n].iov_base = (char *)dp;
-    wsize += size;
-    n++;
+  }
+
+  if (iov_items) {
+    int rc = mdbx_flush_iov(txn, iov, iov_items, iov_off, iov_bytes);
+    if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS))
+      return rc;
   }
 
 #if MDBX_CPU_CACHE_MMAP_NONCOHERENT &&                                         \
     (defined(__linux__) || defined(__gnu_linux__))
-  if (mdbx_linux_kernel_version < 0x02060b00) {
+  if ((env->me_flags & MDBX_WRITEMAP) == 0 &&
+      mdbx_linux_kernel_version < 0x02060b00)
     /* Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the addr and nbytes
-     * arguments, making this function fairly expensive. Therefore, the whole
-     * cache is always flushed. */
-    mdbx_invalidate_mmap_noncoherent_cache(env->me_map,
-                                           pgno2bytes(env, txn->mt_next_pgno));
-  }
+     * arguments, making this function fairly expensive. Therefore, the
+     * whole cache is always flushed. */
+    mdbx_invalidate_mmap_noncoherent_cache(
+        env->me_map + pgno2bytes(env, flush_begin),
+        pgno2bytes(env, flush_end - flush_begin));
 #endif /* MDBX_CPU_CACHE_MMAP_NONCOHERENT && Linux */
 
-  for (i = keep; ++i <= pagecount;) {
-    dp = dl[i].ptr;
-    /* This is a page we skipped above */
-    if (!dl[i].pgno) {
-      dl[++j] = dl[i];
-      dl[j].pgno = dp->mp_pgno;
-      continue;
-    }
-    mdbx_dpage_free(env, dp, IS_OVERFLOW(dp) ? dp->mp_pages : 1);
-  }
+  /* TODO: use flush_begin & flush_end for msync() & sync_file_range(). */
+  (void)flush_begin;
+  (void)flush_end;
 
-done:
-  i--;
-  txn->tw.dirtyroom += i - j;
-  dl->length = j;
+  txn->tw.dirtyroom += r - 1 - w;
+  dl->length = w;
   mdbx_tassert(txn, txn->mt_parent ||
                         txn->tw.dirtyroom + txn->tw.dirtylist->length ==
                             MDBX_DPL_TXNFULL);